A panorama is any wide-angle view or representation of a physical space, whether in painting, drawing, photography, film, seismic images, or 3D modeling. The word has its origins traced back to the English painter Robert Barker to describe his panoramic paintings of Edinburgh and London.

The spectacle of panoramic paintings took off in the 19th century and was a very popular way to represent landscapes, topographic views and historical events. The audiences were thrilled by the aspect of illusion, immersed in a winding 360-degree panorama and given the impression of standing in a new environment.

Panoramic photography took off significantly in 1839 and swiftly replaced panoramic paintings after the introduction of the Daguerreotype. Photographers began assembling multiple images of a view into a single wide image. In the late 19th century, flexible film enabled the construction of panoramic cameras using curved film holders and clockwork drives to locate the lens in an arc and thus scan an image encompassing almost 180-degrees.

The digital photography of the late 20th century greatly simplified this assembly process, which is now known as image stitching. Such stitched images may even be fashioned into forms of virtual reality movies. A rotating line camera such as the “Panosian” allows the capture of high-resolution panoramic images and eliminates the need for image stitching.

Motion pictures have also not been left out of the exploration of panoramic options. On rare occasions, 360-degrees panoramic movies have been constructed for specially designed display spaces typically at theme parks, world fairs and museums. In 1955, Disney created 360-degree theatres for its parks and the Swiss Transport Museum in Lucerne, Switzerland, features a theatre that is a large cylindrical space with an arrangement of screens whose bottoms is several meters above the floor. Panoramic systems that are less than 360-degrees also exist. Cinerama is an example that used a wide curved screen, with three synchronized projectors, and IMAX Dome/ OMNIMAX movies are projected on a dome above the spectators.

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